Selecting a 4WD

Selecting a 4WD vehicle, and the equipment and accessories you may need for your DriveWA adventure, is something that we can help you with!

It is not easy to be sure what you will need for a 4WDriveWA escape, so it is important that you read the information below and plan carefully. If you are at all unsure about what you need then please ask for help from qualified professionals – don’t simply ask the person next door who has done some 4WDriving.

Selecting a 4WD 

There are a number of issues to consider when selecting a 4WD vehicle.  After reading this information, we recommend you look through the relevant sections in ExplorOz.com, which may offer you additional information.

 

Overall Size  

Don't choose something that is too big as some areas are inaccessible by large vehicles.

 

Smaller vehicles are more accessible, cheaper to run, and often easier to park. However, don’t select one that is too small, forcing you to overload it with all the gear you are taking. Smaller vehicles can be ideal, having an advantage on beaches and soft ground. Just remember to make sure they have the necessary features to compliment the driving you wish to perform.

 

They are not very good at towing or carrying heavy loads, and in some areas do not have the ground clearance required to be safe.

 

Vehicle choices include a forward control, a conventional bonneted vehicle, a station-wagon style, a tray (with a canopy), or a high-sided Ute.

 

Forward-control vehicles offer an excellent view of the terrain ahead, but put the driver in a more vulnerable position in an accident. At times, access to the engine can be more restricted in forward-control units.

 

A dual-cab tray will carry five passengers (and some firewood as well!). However, it is too short to sleep in. For couples, the 'extra-cab', or king-cab, versions of utilities offer more cabin space, a storage area for valuables and improved seating.

 

Carrying or Seating Capacity  

Some back seats aren’t as spacious as statistics might indicate; this is sometimes due to intruding wheel arches. If you intend carrying back-seat passengers, remember to try one of the vehicles before you buy or agree to hire it. When travelling over rough roads, snug seats with good head, thigh, and lateral support are invaluable; and plenty of space above the head is a bonus.

 

Power  

More power generally means that you will use more fuel.  If you need to pull a trailer or van, power may be an issue, but otherwise you might be better off with a less powerful vehicle. This will depend upon where you intend to go on your DriveWA adventure.

 

Ground Clearance  

More real clearance - the distance between the surface and the lowest point of the vehicle - means less chance of the underside components striking the ground. All designs bring benefits as well as limitations.

 

A low centre of gravity gives greater stability, but reduces ground clearance. A higher clearance means a greater risk of toppling over; however, the ability to travel over boulders and through gullies (and in areas where there are Spinifex etc.) is improved.

 

Several factors affect the ground clearance. The first is the wheel diameter; little wheels usually mean little ground clearance. Second is the style of suspension. Clearance can also be affected by the profile of the tyres.

 

Four kinds of clearance should be checked before setting off on your DriveWA journey. These are:

1.  The vehicles lowest point, which is usually the differential housings of one of the axles, or the protective bash plate under the engine area of the smaller vehicles.           
2.  The vehicles ramp over angle, which is important when going over ridges. Depending upon the short wheelbase (SWB), vehicles have a better angle than long wheelbase (LWB) vehicles.             
3.  The approach angle; which represents the steepness of approach surfaces that the vehicle can manage (poorly fitted bull-bars and nose overhang are detrimental to the approach angle).              
4.  The departure angle; which is what you don't see behind, but that which can cause you harm. Tail overhang, sagging or flattened suspension from overloading, and low tow bars are all likely to contact the surface

Type of Fuel (petrol/diesel/dual fuel)
Petrol engines are very responsive and yield more power than LP Gas (autogas) or diesel. However, petrol is explosive and vaporises at high temperatures; which can be dangerous in the outback. Petrol is almost universally available in leaded and unleaded forms. Some of the more remote settlements only sell unleaded petrol, but many of these offer Avgas (aviation fuel) as a substitute.

 

Dual fuel - petrol/LP Gas (autogas) vehicles offer economical travel; that is if you cover distances long enough to result in savings that will overcome the cost of installation.

 

The disadvantage of dual fuel is that LP Gas (autogas) is not always available. Most dual fuel installations accommodate the gas cylinder by replacing the original petrol tank with one of a smaller capacity; thus limiting your range when away from gas supplies.

 

Outback travellers should avoid gas installations that use rigid copper lines which, we are told, can fracture with body flexing over rough terrain.

 

Diesel is the most common fuel in the outback, and will not ignite quite so readily. It is therefore safer, than petrol or gas, in Spinifex country. However, because of acid formation (a by-product of combustion) diesels need frequent oil changes. They also need frequent fuel filter changes, especially if the fuel is from 200 litre drums, and better preventive maintenance than petrol engines.

 

In water crossings, unless extensively prepared, petrol engines are soon affected by spray and moisture. However, if water is ingested into a petrol motor it can usually be returned to service without a lot of trouble.

 

A diesel motor is not stalled by water mist or vapour; but direct entry of water can be dismantling. More complex repairs, such as relacing pistons or connecting rods, can be difficult in the outback.

 

Some outback residents don’t purchase modern 4WDrives with computer managed fuel injection systems because they are very difficult to service in the outback. Although the failure rate seems to be reasonably low, it is not pleasant outcome in very remote areas.

 

Availability of Parts and Spares  

If there are doubts about the availability of parts and service in the outback (because the model is new or rare), it may be wise to consider a vehicle that is relatively common instead. Consider the running costs before selecting your vehicle. If you are going into remote areas, make ensure that any car parts you need will be readily available.

 

Price  

Quality and price are usually related, as with a majority of products and services. It may well be cheaper in the long run to pay more for a vehicle, which has travelled fewer kilometres, and has a complete service history. An inexpensive vehicle may end up costing you more in the long run.

 

If you are considering used vehicles, avoid those with signs of rust. Get an expert assessor to check out all aspects. Four-wheel drives are more expensive to repair than regular cars. It is a good idea to chat with people in four-wheel drive clubs, read motor magazines, and visit professional displays; to get an idea of what is available and what their strengths and weaknesses are.

 

A diesel will generally cost more than an alternative vehicle, and though they have less acceleration, they are often favoured by experienced 4WDrivers because they are more durable and reliable.

 

Running Costs  

Bigger vehicles (4WD vehicles) generally cost more to run than smaller, more conventional, vehicles. These larger vehicles are more likely to be driven over rough terrain; requiring more suspension servicing; frequent shock absorber (spring damper) replacement; and general maintenance. Larger vehicles use more fuel than smaller vehicles. Select the unit that best suits your needs. Ask about maintenance and service costs before you commit yourself.

 

Manual or Automatic Transmission.  

The choice is very much a personal one. However, in general terms Automatics:

-  give a smoother ride, but use more fuel                                  
-  do not give the same level of braking on steep descents, or when towing heavy vehicles                                 
-  don’t allow you to select the gear you want                                 
-  left in park on a steep slope sometimes lock up the transmission                                  
-   may be more difficult to rock out of a bogged situation                                 
-  generally should not be towed without disconnecting the propeller shaft(s), or lifting the front wheels                             

However, in each vehicle’s case, you should check the vehicle manual.

 

Ride Quality  

Four-wheel drive vehicles can be rugged or luxurious. Some units are built to carry a substantial load, and consequently have firm suspension, which makes the ride less pleasant.

 

Longer wheelbase units produce less pitching than short wheelbase vehicles. Generally, coil suspensions ride more smoothly than rear suspensions. Try several vehicles over the same piece of rough road before you choose.

 

Load Capacity  

Many 4WDrives are destined only for bitumen travel; so they are manufactured to appeal to those who carry little, and seek a smooth ride.

 

Long-term outback travelling requiring water tanks, long-range fuel supply, cooking gear, food, and camping gear may require spring upgrading in order to safely carry the load. Establish what your load will consist of, and make sure the vehicle can cope.

 

Equipment  

Desirable items include:

-  Integrated air conditioning                                   
-  Power steering                                   
-  Window tinting                                   
-  Towing points or hooks (front and back)                                   
-  Automatic or manually engaged free wheel/locking hubs for front wheels                                   
-  Transmission cooler (for automatics)                                   
-  High-capacity alternator (about 80 amperes) if an electric winch or a refrigerator is fitted.                                   
-  Professionally manufactured and tested towbar/bumper with jacking points                                   
-  Strong front bumper with jacking points                                   
-  Long-range fuel tank(s)                                   
-  Air cleaner and snorkel                                   
-  Locking differential(s)                                   

Although it is exciting to plan a wonderful trip, the journey will involve a complete lifestyle change. Let's face it, to have a four wheel drive vehicle as your home for an extended time means compromise.

 

Before setting out on a tour longer than two or three days, with an organised group or club (preferably with an accredited trainer or some experienced four wheel drive group), ensure that you sort out any queries; including whether you will be tenting the whole way, taking a trailer/camper, or even a full-sized caravan.

 

Consumer Affairs  

Call or visit the Consumer Affairs website, to see if you can access any publications on warranties for second hand vehicles.

 

Outfitting Your Vehicle  

There are many items that can be added to a four-wheel drive to make your journey safer and more enjoyable. However, be sure to fit essentials before non-essentials.

 

Fire Extinguishers  

These are an absolute necessity. It may be wise to buy two. If a fire breaks out in the middle of the desert and burns out the car, you may be left with no radio, or other rescue equipment. We recommend you carry the personal ‘Epirb’ with you at all times. Fit the extinguishers in readily accessible places. If you have a fire on a gas cooking appliance, quickly turn off the supply at the cylinder.

 

Cargo Barriers  

Cargo barriers are essential for containing luggage, and are critical to the safety of people in the vehicle. If you are going on an extended DriveWA adventure and are likely to be carrying more than the normal amount of material in the back, a good storage system aids safety; saving precious space and tie down points.

 

Quick Release Battery Connectors  

If these are not factory fitted, fit them immediately. If electrical wiring chafes or a wiring short circuit develops, the wiring in the car body will overheat and possibly ignite flammable materials. By turning the screw on a quick-release connector, you instantly disconnect the battery; possibly saving both the wiring and the car.

 

Twin Independent Battery Systems  

It is important to install these if you run supplement 12-volt appliances, such as a floodlight or refrigerator. The extra appliances run from an auxiliary battery, and remove the danger of being faced with a discharged battery when you crank the engine. With a two-battery system, you can arrange the system so that both batteries are charged while the engine runs; whilst not being connected when the engine is at rest.

 

Suggested Tools and Spares to Carry  

The following list is a guide to tools and spare parts that may be appropriate. The team at DriveWA recommend that you conduct further research before commencing your journey. Remember that the list may vary according to your personal level of skill; your destination; and the vehicle you intend to take on your travels.

-  Large and small shifting spanners                                   
-  A set of socket wrenches with extensions and ratchet handle; covering any special sizes or requirements for your make and model of vehicle (e.g. long-reach socket to remove injectors, extension bar with universal to reach upper clutch cylinder bolt) ·                                  
-  A small pipe wrench and set of vice-grips                                   
-  A pump, gearbox, and differential plug wrenches                                   
-  Standard pliers, long-nose pliers, multi-grip pliers                                   
-  A set of screwdrivers, fiat tip and Phillips head side-cutters                                   
-  Tinsnips                                   
-  Bow saw, hacksaw and spare blades                                   
-  Soldering iron (gas or 12-volt) and acid-core solder                                   |
-  Sharp knife (perhaps two; small and hunting size)                                   

-  Hand drill and bits                                   
-  Pop-rivet tool and assorted pop rivets                                   
-  Wire brush                                   
-  Strong shovel                                   
-  Two or more star pickets and length of 25-millimetre rope                                   
-  Tomahawk and/or axe                                   
-  Machete                                   
-  Grease gun and spare cartridge                                   
-  Ball hammer, sledge hammer, mash hammer                                   
-  Standard jack, plus a piece of strong timber at least 30 x 30 x 5 centimetres OR a flat steel plate to use as a secure base for your jack in sand or mud                                   
-  High-lift jack                                   
-  Tyre levers, rubber or neoprene tyre mallet                                   
-  Tyre pump or compressor, tyre pressure gauge, tyre valve tool                                   
-  Wheel brace                                   

Spare Parts  

This is a list of recommended spare parts to take with you on your journey around the great state of WA:  

-  At least one spare wheel, slightly over inflated to allow for some air loss (if travelling in remote areas, consider carrying extra tyres and tubes)                                   
-  Puncture-repair kit, liquid puncture repairer, tyre-wall patches, spare valve cores                                   
-  Fan, air conditioner, alternator and power-steering belts, and any other essential belts                                   
-  Fuel filters, oil filters, air filter                                   
-  Fuses for vehicle, radios, and other related electrical appliances or equipment                                   
-  Lengths of 4mm and 6mm electrical cable                                   
-  Electrical connectors                                   
-  Heavy duty battery jumper leads (preferably with a capacitor if to be used on a vehicle with a computerized fuel system)                                   
-  Globes for all lights                                   
-  High tension leads                                   
-  Ignition coil, plugs, condenser, points, rotor button, distributor cap                                   
-  Water pump and fuel pump kits                                   
-  Wheel bearing kit                                   
-  Radiator and heater hoses and clips
-  Lubricants: automatic transmission and power-steering fluid, complete change of differential and gearbox oils - with any needed oil pump for topping up                                   
-  Several lengths of flexible tubing of different sizes and assorted hose clamps for emergency water or fuel lines

·           
 Other Items (Optional)

-  Tow rope or snatch strap, D-Shackles ('approved' with a rating of 3.2 tonne or higher) to secure rope or chain to vehicle chassis/winch                                   
-  Radiator sealant                                   
-  Epoxy ribbon, Lux soap flakes, cork or other compound to repair punctured fuel tank                                  
-  Snow-mud chains                                   
-  Chain saw with fuel, oil and spare chain (this must be dismantled in some national parks)                                   
-  Heavy-duty torch, spare batteries, spare globe                                   
-  Empty can and paintbrush (for washing parts)                                   
-  Strong wire for emergency repairs                                   
-  Ball of twine                                   
-  Assorted self-tapping screws, assorted nuts and bolts, flat and spring washers, split pins                                   
-  Ducting tape, packaging tape                                   
-  Electrical insulation tape                                   
-  Can of dewatering fluid                                   
-  Hand cleaner, cotton rags/T-towel                                   
-  Workshop manual                                   
-  Sheet of clear plastic suitable for temporary windscreen or window                                   
-  Extra ignition key (stored outside vehicle)                                   

Most importantly, know your vehicle. Read the manual and carry it with you, for safe keeping, at all times. A basic course in vehicle maintenance is essential for travel in remote areas.

 

4WD Tyres  

Unless you are going to be driving on one kind of surface continually, any tyre fitted will be a compromise. Here are a few pointers to keep in mind:

 

Chunky or aggressive tread patterns are most useful in mud or snow, until they clog.

 

Over rocky or shaly and flinty terrain, lugged tyres catch on rocky spikes; this causes staking of the tyre case. So use smoother treads in these locations.

 

Wide tyres have a higher rolling resistance than standard tyres.

 

Wide tyres give better floatation on sandy or soft surfaces, but if they have aggressive tread, they will dig in and bog quickly.

 

Wide tyres plane on wet roads, especially when the tread is 50+ per cent worn, and provide less grip at higher speeds.

 

Wide tyres must be fitted only to wheels of the correct size. Oversized tyres on a wheel mean quicker, uneven, wear; and dangerous stresses on suspension, spring dampers and axles that are not designed to cope with the additional mass.

 

Changing wheel and tyre sizes will alter the accuracy of your speedometer, and the odometer will give incorrect distances.

 

Tyres sometimes 'weld' to wheels, making it difficult to break the bead. Even driving over the tyre does not always work, especially if you are on a sandy surface. For this reason, if you are going to a remote area carry an additional spare wheel and tyre.

 

Also, consider putting an anti-puncture liquid additive inside your tyres before setting off. Read the instructions and limitations for these additives to make sure you know what problems (such as effect on wheel balance, toxicity) they may bring.

 

Fancy tyres and wheels may be fine for freeway driving, but standard tyres and wheels are the easiest to replace away from cities.

 

If you have to choose between split rims and single-piece rims, choose split rims as they are easier to work with.

 

Equipment and Storage  

There are many accessories available for your four wheel drive. You could spend a fortune and have a lot of fun doing it up! 

Some are useful to recover the vehicle if it is bogged, as long as you know how to use them, BUT they can be very dangerous if you do not know how to use them properly.

 

Webbing Strap (snatch strap)  

These are polypropylene or nylon webbing straps that are woven, with an eye at each end.

 

In practice, the strap is attached between the towing and the bogged vehicle. The towing vehicle backs towards the stuck vehicle for about one-third the length of the strap, and then accelerates away. The webbing strap will stretch under tension, increasing the energy being applied to the towed vehicle.

 

Although the webbing strap is versatile and highly useful, it is without doubt one of the most high-risk items of recovery gear.

 

The snatch strap can be fatal (they become projectiles) if used with a poor-quality towbar; or if connected to towing hooks, bull-bars, and towbars that are not secured with quality high-tensile bolts.

 

It is most unwise to use one of these without first being properly trained on the use of this, and all other recovery gear.

 

Water Storage  

Water is essential to travellers. It's a good idea to have several robust containers: If one bursts you won't lose the lot.

 

Water is heavy and always moves constantly – if you are heeling over, the water will move to the low side and make the situation worse.

 

Therefore, water containers should be placed at the front of the back axle; don't have the weight on one side. Storage units should also be kept low to improve the vehicle's centre of gravity.

 

Protect storage units from chafing when travelling on bumpy roads. Some people fit a stainless steel tank with an external tap. Such tanks need internal baffles to prevent water surge.

 

Do not carry water in plastic pipes or on the roof rack, as this may cause vehicle instability.

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